Other Medications

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Omnipaque Injection is a contrast medium used in medical imaging procedures, primarily in diagnostic radiology, to enhance the visibility of blood vessels, tissues, and organs during X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans. It is an iodine-based, non-ionic contrast agent that helps physicians obtain clearer and more detailed images, allowing for accurate diagnosis and better assessment of various medical conditions. The active ingredient in Omnipaque is iohexol, a compound that increases the contrast of the images by absorbing X-rays.
Indications
Omnipaque is indicated for a variety of diagnostic procedures where enhanced imaging is required, including:
    Computed Tomography (CT) Scans: Omnipaque is commonly used for contrast-enhanced CT imaging to evaluate various parts of the body, including the brain, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and blood vessels.
    X-ray Angiography: It is utilized in angiographic procedures to visualize blood vessels, including in coronary angiography, cerebral angiography, and peripheral vascular studies. Omnipaque helps to assess vascular structures and detect abnormalities such as blockages, aneurysms, or vascular malformations.
    Myelography: This procedure, which involves imaging the spinal cord and surrounding structures, may use Omnipaque to enhance the visibility of the spinal canal, discs, and nerves during X-ray or CT imaging.
    Intravenous Urography: Used in urological imaging, Omnipaque helps visualize the kidneys, bladder, and urinary tract, assisting in the detection of conditions such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections, or tumors.
    Intra-articular Imaging: Omnipaque may be injected directly into joints to improve the clarity of images of joint spaces, assisting in the diagnosis of joint disorders or injuries.
Mechanism of Action
Omnipaque works as a contrast agent by containing iodine, which has a high atomic number. This property allows iodine to absorb X-rays more effectively than the surrounding tissues, which are less dense. As a result, areas where the contrast agent is injected appear brighter on X-ray or CT images, while other tissues remain darker, thus improving the ability to distinguish between different structures within the body.
Dosage and Administration
Omnipaque is typically administered as an intravenous injection or infusion, although it can also be given through other routes depending on the procedure, such as intra-arterially, intrathecally (into the spinal canal), or intra-articularly (into joints).
Side Effects
Like all contrast agents, Omnipaque may cause side effects, although serious reactions are rare. Common, mild side effects may include:
    Warm or flushing sensation at the injection site or throughout the body.    Nausea or vomiting, especially shortly after administration.    Headache or dizziness.    Pain at the injection site.
More severe reactions are uncommon but may include:
    Allergic reactions, such as hives, rash, or difficulty breathing (anaphylaxis).    Kidney-related issues, especially in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.    Cardiovascular events, including changes in heart rate or blood pressure.
Precautions and Contraindications
Before receiving Omnipaque, patients should inform their healthcare provider if they:
    Have a history of allergic reactions to iodinated contrast agents or other medications.    Have kidney problems or renal insufficiency, as Omnipaque is cleared from the body through the kidneys.    Are pregnant or breastfeeding. Omnipaque should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefits outweigh the risks, and it should be used with caution in breastfeeding women.

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Glycolate 1 Tablet is a prescription medication primarily used as an anticholinergic and antispasmodic agent. It is typically prescribed to treat a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and conditions associated with smooth muscle spasms, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia. The active ingredient in Glycolate 1 is Hyoscine butylbromide, which helps relax the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract, thus alleviating pain, cramps, and spasms.IndicationsGlycolate 1 Tablet is commonly used to manage:    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder that causes symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Glycolate 1 helps relieve the spasms and discomfort associated with IBS.    Abdominal Cramps and Spasms: It is effective in treating painful cramping conditions, including those caused by digestive issues.    Functional Dyspepsia: A condition characterized by indigestion, bloating, and discomfort in the upper abdomen, often associated with functional gastrointestinal issues rather than a specific underlying disease.Glycolate 1 may also be used to treat conditions such as gallbladder diseases and certain urinary tract disorders, where smooth muscle relaxation is needed to reduce spasm or discomfort.Mechanism of ActionHyoscine butylbromide, the active ingredient in Glycolate 1, works by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction. By inhibiting acetylcholine’s action on the muscarinic receptors in the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, Glycolate 1 reduces the muscle spasms and cramps that can cause pain and discomfort. This mechanism helps relieve symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and discomfort.Hyoscine butylbromide is a peripherally acting anticholinergic, meaning it targets the muscles of the digestive system and other smooth muscles without affecting the central nervous system, leading to fewer systemic side effects compared to other similar drugs.Dosage and AdministrationThe typical dosage for Glycolate 1 Tablet is 1 tablet (usually 10 mg) up to three times daily, depending on the severity of symptoms and the patient's response. It is generally recommended to take the tablet with or after food to help minimize any stomach irritation.It is essential to follow the dosage instructions provided by a healthcare provider and not exceed the recommended dose. The treatment may vary depending on the specific condition being treated, and the tablet should not be taken for longer than prescribed without medical advice.Side EffectsCommon side effects of Glycolate 1 Tablet may include:    Dry mouth.    Blurred vision.    Dizziness.    Constipation.Rare but more serious side effects may include allergic reactions, difficulty urinating, and rapid heartbeat. Patients should contact a healthcare provider if any severe reactions occur.ConclusionGlycolate 1 Tablet is an effective medication for relieving symptoms associated with abdominal cramps, spasms, and other gastrointestinal disorders like IBS. By acting on the smooth muscles of the digestive system, it provides symptomatic relief and improves quality of life for patients suffering from painful gastrointestinal conditions. As with any medication, it is essential to follow the prescribed dosage and consult with a healthcare provider for proper use.

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Penicillamine is a medication primarily used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, Wilson's disease, and certain types of cystinuria (a disorder that causes kidney stones). It is available in the form of capsules and is a chelating agent, meaning it helps to remove excess metals, such as copper, from the body.Mechanism of Action
Penicillamine works through multiple mechanisms, depending on the condition it is being used to treat. In Wilson's disease, it binds to excess copper in the body, forming a complex that can be excreted in the urine. For rheumatoid arthritis, penicillamine may work by altering the immune system's response to reduce inflammation and joint damage. In cystinuria, penicillamine reduces the formation of cystine stones by promoting the breakdown of cystine crystals in the urine.Indications
Penicillamine is commonly prescribed for:
    Wilson's Disease: A genetic disorder that causes copper buildup in the liver, brain, and other organs. Penicillamine helps prevent or reverse the accumulation of copper.    Rheumatoid Arthritis: It is often used in severe cases that do not respond to other treatments, to reduce inflammation and prevent joint damage.    Cystinuria: Penicillamine is used to prevent the formation of kidney stones by reducing cystine levels in the urine.    Heavy Metal Poisoning: In certain cases, penicillamine may be used to treat poisoning caused by metals such as lead, mercury, or arsenic.
Dosage and Administration
Penicillamine is typically taken orally in capsule form, usually on an empty stomach to improve absorption. The dosage varies depending on the condition being treated and the patient's response to the medication. For Wilson’s disease, doses typically range from 250 mg to 1 g per day, while for rheumatoid arthritis, the starting dose may be lower and adjusted based on tolerance and effectiveness.Side Effects
While penicillamine can be highly effective, it also carries the potential for side effects. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. More serious side effects can include allergic reactions, skin rashes, kidney problems, and blood disorders (such as leukopenia or thrombocytopenia). Regular blood tests and monitoring are essential while on penicillamine therapy to detect any adverse reactions early.Warnings and Precautions
Patients with a history of kidney or liver disease should use penicillamine with caution. It is also contraindicated in individuals with a history of penicillamine allergy. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult their doctor before taking this medication.
In conclusion, Penicillamine capsules are a versatile medication used for various conditions involving excess metals or autoimmune reactions, but they require careful monitoring due to potential side effects.

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Cytomel Tablets are a brand name for liothyronine sodium, a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3). T3 is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the thyroid gland, essential for regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, growth, and development. Cytomel Tablets are commonly prescribed to treat thyroid hormone deficiency, a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones (hypothyroidism).
Mechanism of Action

Cytomel (liothyronine sodium) works by directly increasing the levels of T3 in the bloodstream. The thyroid hormone T3 is responsible for stimulating metabolic activity in tissues throughout the body. By replacing or supplementing natural T3, Cytomel helps to normalize metabolism, improving symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and sensitivity to cold, which are common in hypothyroid patients. It also supports the normal function of the heart, muscle strength, and bone health, among other functions influenced by thyroid hormone.

Unlike T4, which must first be converted into T3 by the body, Cytomel delivers the active T3 hormone directly, leading to a faster onset of action.
Indications and Uses

Cytomel Tablets are primarily indicated for:

    Hypothyroidism: Treatment of underactive thyroid, where the body does not produce enough thyroid hormones.
    Myxedema Coma: A rare but severe form of hypothyroidism that requires immediate, high-dose thyroid hormone treatment.
    Thyroid Cancer: As part of thyroid hormone replacement therapy after thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid), to suppress the growth of any remaining thyroid tissue.
    Diagnostic Uses: Sometimes, Cytomel is used in diagnostic tests to assess thyroid function or to stimulate the thyroid gland in certain testing scenarios.

In some cases, Cytomel may also be used off-label to treat other conditions, including obesity, as thyroid hormones can influence metabolism and fat burning. However, its use for weight loss is controversial and typically not recommended without strict medical supervision due to the risks of misuse and side effects.
Dosage and Administration

Cytomel Tablets are typically administered orally, with the dosage adjusted based on individual patient needs, thyroid hormone levels, and clinical response. The tablet strength can vary, but standard doses generally range from 25 mcg to 100 mcg per day. It is important for patients to follow their doctor's instructions carefully, as too much thyroid hormone can lead to symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), such as rapid heart rate, anxiety, weight loss, and excessive sweating.
Side Effects and Precautions

While Cytomel is an effective treatment for hypothyroidism, it can cause side effects, particularly if the dosage is too high. Common side effects may include:

    Palpitations or irregular heart rhythms
    Increased sweating
    Anxiety or nervousness
    Weight loss (in cases of excessive dosing)
    Insomnia

Patients with heart disease, hypertension, or adrenal gland disorders should use Cytomel with caution, as it can exacerbate these conditions. It is also important to monitor thyroid hormone levels regularly to avoid complications associated with over- or under-treatment.
Conclusion

Cytomel Tablets are a critical tool in the management of thyroid hormone deficiencies, particularly when rapid replacement of the active thyroid hormone T3 is required. While effective, its use requires careful monitoring to ensure that thyroid levels are balanced and to avoid potential side effects. Always use Cytomel under the guidance of a healthcare professional to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes.

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Loperamide Hydrochloride Tablet IP is a widely used medication that helps manage diarrhea, particularly acute non-specific diarrhea and chronic diarrhea associated with conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).IndicationsLoperamide Hydrochloride Tablet IP is primarily prescribed for the management of:    Acute Diarrhea: This is short-term diarrhea that is often caused by infections (viral, bacterial, or parasitic), food intolerance, or dietary changes. It helps to reduce the frequency of bowel movements and manage symptoms until the underlying cause resolves.    Chronic Diarrhea: In conditions like Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), where diarrhea is persistent, loperamide can help to control symptoms and improve quality of life.    Traveler’s Diarrhea: Often caused by infections acquired from consuming contaminated food or water while traveling, loperamide can provide symptomatic relief, although it is not an antibiotic and does not treat the underlying infection.    Post-operative Diarrhea: After surgeries involving the digestive tract, patients may experience temporary diarrhea. Mechanism of ActionThis binding slows down the contractions of the intestines, leading to:    Increased absorption of fluids and electrolytes: The slowing of peristalsis (intestinal movement) allows more time for the absorption of fluids, which helps reduce the watery consistency of stools.    Dosage and AdministrationThe typical dosage of Loperamide Hydrochloride Tablet IP for adults is as follows:    For acute diarrhea: The usual initial dose is 4 mg (2 tablets) after the first loose stool, followed by 2 mg (1 tablet) after each subsequent loose stool. The dose should be adjusted based on the number of stools and the patient's response, but the total daily dose should not exceed 8 mg (4 tablets) in a 24-hour period.    For chronic diarrhea (e.g., associated with IBS): The initial dose is typically 4 mg (2 tablets) per day, followed by adjustments to a maintenance dose of 2–4 mg per day, depending on the severity of symptoms.For children, the dosage varies by age and weight, and it is essential to consult a healthcare provider before administering loperamide to a child.Side EffectsLoperamide is generally well-tolerated, but some individuals may experience side effects, including:    Constipation: The most common side effect, especially with prolonged use or higher doses, is constipation due to the slowing of intestinal movement.    Abdominal discomfort: This can include bloating, cramping, or pain in the stomach area.    Dizziness or drowsiness: Though rare, some individuals may experience dizziness or a mild sedative effect.    Dry mouth: Reduced saliva production may occur in some people.Serious side effects are rare but may include:    Toxic megacolon: A severe complication that may occur if loperamide is used inappropriately to treat certain infections or inflammatory bowel conditions. This condition can cause severe abdominal distension, fever, and shock.    Cardiac arrhythmia: High doses or misuse of loperamide (especially in combination with other medications) can lead to irregular heartbeats or other heart-related issues.    Precautions and ContraindicationsInfections with fever or blood in stool: Loperamide should not be used in cases where diarrhea is caused by certain infections, especially if accompanied by fever or blood in the stool, as it could worsen the condition by prolonging the presence of the pathogen in the intestines.Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): In patients with IBD, loperamide should be used with caution, as it may exacerbate the disease or lead to complications like toxic megacolon.

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Oxybutynin Chloride is a medication primarily used to treat overactive bladder (OAB) and other urinary conditions. It belongs to the class of drugs known as anticholinergics or antimuscarinics, which work by blocking specific receptors in the muscles of the bladder. This helps reduce symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and incontinence. Oxybutynin is often prescribed to individuals who experience urinary incontinence, bladder spasms, or other related conditions.

Mechanism of Action
Oxybutynin works by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that binds to muscarinic receptors in the bladder. By blocking these receptors, Oxybutynin relaxes the smooth muscle of the bladder, reducing involuntary contractions and thus decreasing the urge to urinate. This action helps increase the bladder’s capacity and control over urination.

Indications
Oxybutynin Chloride is used for:

    Overactive Bladder (OAB): Oxybutynin is commonly prescribed to treat symptoms of OAB, including frequent urination, sudden urges to urinate, and urinary incontinence.
    Bladder Spasms: It is effective in treating bladder spasms caused by conditions such as interstitial cystitis or following bladder surgery.
    Neurogenic Bladder: Oxybutynin is used to manage bladder dysfunctions caused by neurological conditions like spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis.

Dosage and Administration
Oxybutynin Chloride tablets are usually taken once or twice a day, with or without food. The dosage is determined based on the individual’s condition and response to the medication. The typical starting dose for overactive bladder is 5 mg once or twice daily, which can be gradually increased as needed, up to a maximum of 10 mg per day.

For extended-release tablets, the usual starting dose is 5 mg once daily, with a possible increase to 10 mg or 15 mg depending on patient needs. It is important to take the medication at the same time each day to maintain consistent results.

Side Effects
Common side effects of Oxybutynin include:

    Dry mouth
    Constipation
    Blurred vision
    Dizziness
    Drowsiness
    Urinary retention (difficulty urinating)

Serious side effects are rare but may include allergic reactions, difficulty breathing, or signs of a serious bladder problem (e.g., blood in urine). If any severe side effects occur, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

Precautions and Contraindications
Oxybutynin should be used with caution in individuals with:

    Glaucoma or other eye problems
    Urinary retention (inability to fully empty the bladder)
    Gastrointestinal disorders such as gastrointestinal obstruction
    Kidney or liver problems

It is also important to monitor elderly patients, as they may be more susceptible to side effects like confusion and drowsiness. Oxybutynin is generally not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding unless absolutely necessary.

Conclusion
Oxybutynin Chloride Tablet is an effective treatment for overactive bladder and other urinary conditions. By reducing involuntary bladder contractions, it helps manage symptoms like urgency, frequency, and incontinence. Though generally safe, Oxybutynin may cause side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and dizziness. As with all medications, it should be taken as directed and with medical supervision, especially for individuals with pre-existing conditions or concerns

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Fluvoxamine capsules are a medication primarily used in the treatment of various psychiatric conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and, in some cases, depression. Fluvoxamine, the active ingredient in these capsules, belongs to the class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs work by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, anxiety, and behavior, in the brain.

The main purpose of Fluvoxamine capsules is to treat anxiety-related disorders. In OCD, it helps reduce the frequency and intensity of obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. In social anxiety disorder, it helps alleviate the overwhelming fear of social interactions and situations. The drug can also be used to treat other off-label conditions as determined by a healthcare provider.

Fluvoxamine capsules are typically available in dosages such as 50 mg or 100 mg, and they are usually taken once or twice daily. The dosage is adjusted based on the patient’s specific needs and the severity of the condition being treated. Patients are advised to take the medication with or without food, and it may take several weeks for the full effects to become noticeable. It is important for patients to follow the prescribed dosage regimen carefully and to avoid suddenly discontinuing the medication without consulting a healthcare provider, as stopping abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms.

Common side effects of Fluvoxamine capsules include nausea, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, and insomnia. In some cases, individuals may also experience changes in appetite, weight, or sexual function. Although side effects are generally mild and temporary, some patients may experience more severe reactions such as suicidal thoughts, especially when starting the medication or adjusting the dosage. It is important for patients to report any concerning side effects to their doctor immediately.

Certain precautions should be considered before starting Fluvoxamine, especially for those with a history of liver problems, seizures, or heart conditions. It is also important to inform the prescribing doctor of any other medications being taken to avoid potential drug interactions.

Fluvoxamine capsules are an effective treatment option for individuals dealing with anxiety-related disorders, improving daily functioning and overall quality of life. However, the medication should always be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider to ensure safety and efficacy.

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Bempedoic Tablets, containing the active ingredient bempedoic acid, are a medication used to help manage high cholesterol in individuals who are unable to achieve adequate control through diet and exercise alone, or who need additional therapy to complement other cholesterol-lowering medications.

Bempedoic acid belongs to a newer class of medications called ATP citrate lyase inhibitors. It works by reducing the production of cholesterol in the liver and lowering LDL-C levels in the blood.

Indications:

Bempedoic Tablets are primarily prescribed for the following conditions:

    Hypercholesterolemia: Bempedoic acid is indicated for use in adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (a genetic disorder characterized by high cholesterol levels) or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) to help lower elevated LDL-C levels when diet and exercise are insufficient.

    Adjunct to Statin Therapy: Bempedoic acid is often used as an adjunct to statins in patients who cannot tolerate higher doses of statins due to side effects like muscle pain or weakness.

    Combination Therapy: For patients who do not achieve adequate LDL-C control with statin therapy alone, bempedoic acid can be added to further reduce LDL-C levels.

Mechanism of Action:

Bempedoic acid works by inhibiting the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACL), which is involved in the production of cholesterol in the liver. Specifically, ATP citrate lyase converts citrate into acetyl-CoA, a precursor in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.

As a result, the liver is prompted to take up more LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream to meet its cholesterol requirements, thereby reducing the overall levels of LDL-C in the blood.
Dosage and Administration:

Bempedoic tablets are typically taken once daily, with or without food. The recommended dose for most adults is 180 mg per day. The dosage may vary depending on individual factors, including coexisting medical conditions or the use of other medications.

Bempedoic acid can be used alone or in combination with other cholesterol-lowering medications, such as statins, depending on the patient's treatment plan.

Side Effects:

While bempedoic acid is generally well-tolerated, it may cause some side effects. Common side effects include:

    Upper respiratory tract infections (such as the common cold)
    Muscle pain or muscle spasms
    Back pain
    Abdominal pain or discomfort
    Elevated liver enzymes (which may indicate liver issues)

Serious side effects are rare but can include:

    Tendon rupture or tendon-related issues, especially in older adults or those using other medications that affect tendon health.
    Liver damage, as indicated by elevated liver enzymes in blood tests.

Regular monitoring of liver function is recommended during treatment with bempedoic acid to detect any early signs of liver toxicity.

Warnings and Precautions:

    Liver Function: Bempedoic acid should be used cautiously in patients with liver impairment. Liver enzyme levels should be monitored regularly during treatment to detect any liver damage.
    Tendon Health: Caution is advised for patients who have a history of tendon problems or those taking other medications that may increase the risk of tendon rupture, such as corticosteroids.
    Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Bempedoic acid is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to a lack of safety data.

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Crizalk 250 mg Capsule is a prescription medication containing crizotinib as the active ingredient. Crizotinib is a targeted therapy drug used primarily in the treatment of certain types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It works by inhibiting specific proteins involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells, helping to slow or stop tumor progression.Mechanism of Action
Crizotinib works by targeting and blocking the action of ALK and c-MET receptors that are present in some cancers, particularly in patients with NSCLC. These abnormal receptors can cause cells to grow uncontrollably, leading to tumor formation. By inhibiting these receptors, crizotinib helps to slow down the growth and spread of the cancer, potentially shrinking the tumor and improving the overall prognosis of the patient.
Crizotinib is most commonly used for patients who have ALK-positive or ROS1-positive NSCLC, meaning their cancer cells have a mutation in the ALK gene or ROS1 gene that causes abnormal cell growth. This makes Crizalk an effective therapy for a specific subset of lung cancer patients who test positive for these mutations.Common Uses
Crizalk 250 mg capsules are prescribed for the treatment of:
    Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Crizotinib is used in patients with advanced or metastatic ALK-positive NSCLC or ROS1-positive NSCLC. It is especially useful for patients whose cancer has not responded to other chemotherapy treatments or for those who are not candidates for conventional chemotherapy.
    Other Cancer Types: In some cases, Crizalk may also be used off-label to treat other cancers that have similar molecular characteristics, though this is less common.
Dosage and Administration
The usual recommended dose of Crizalk (crizotinib) is 250 mg taken orally twice a day with or without food. It is important to take the medication at the same times each day to maintain consistent drug levels in the body. Patients should swallow the capsules whole, without opening or crushing them. The dosage may be adjusted based on the patient's response to treatment or side effects.
Patients are advised to have regular check-ups with their healthcare provider during treatment to monitor for any side effects and assess the effectiveness of the medication.Side Effects
Like all medications, Crizalk 250 mg capsules can cause side effects, though not everyone experiences them. Common side effects include:
    Nausea and vomiting    Diarrhea    Fatigue    Vision problems, such as blurred vision or changes in visual perception    Liver enzyme abnormalities (may require liver function tests)    Appetite loss or weight loss    Swelling (edema)
Serious side effects are less common but may include liver damage, interstitial lung disease, or heart problems, such as QT prolongation, which can affect the heart's rhythm. If a patient experiences symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, or significant fatigue, they should contact their doctor immediately.Precautions and Warnings
    Liver Function: Crizotinib can cause liver toxicity, so liver function tests are important before starting treatment and periodically throughout the treatment course.    Vision Changes: Crizotinib may cause blurred vision or visual disturbances. Patients should avoid driving or operating machinery if they experience significant vision changes.    QT Prolongation: Crizotinib can affect heart rhythm, so patients with a history of heart problems, or those taking other drugs that affect the QT interval, should be closely monitored.    Drug Interactions: Crizotinib can interact with other medications, including certain antifungals, antibiotics, and medications that affect liver enzymes.

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Clopidogrel Bisulphate tablets are a prescription medication primarily used to reduce the risk of blood clots in individuals who are at high risk for cardiovascular events, such as stroke, heart attack, and peripheral artery disease. The active ingredient in Clopidogrel Bisulphate, clopidogrel, belongs to a class of drugs known as antiplatelet agents. These medications work by inhibiting the function of platelets, which are blood cells that play a key role in blood clotting. By preventing platelets from sticking together, clopidogrel reduces the likelihood of clot formation, which can lead to serious cardiovascular events.

Clopidogrel Bisulphate is often prescribed for individuals who have recently experienced a heart attack, stroke, or have been diagnosed with certain heart or vascular conditions, including acute coronary syndrome, peripheral arterial disease, or after undergoing certain procedures like coronary artery stenting. The drug helps to prevent further clot-related events by keeping blood vessels open and reducing the chances of new clots forming.

The usual dosage of Clopidogrel Bisulphate is typically 75 mg once a day, taken orally, with or without food. In some cases, a higher initial dose may be prescribed for patients with acute coronary syndrome or other acute conditions. It's important for patients to take the medication exactly as prescribed and not to skip doses or discontinue it without consulting their healthcare provider, as this can increase the risk of clot formation.

Common side effects of Clopidogrel Bisulphate include bleeding complications, such as nosebleeds, easy bruising, and gastrointestinal bleeding. These side effects occur because the drug works by inhibiting platelet aggregation, which may make it more difficult for the body to stop bleeding. Less common but more serious side effects may include severe allergic reactions, liver problems, or thrombocytopenia (a condition where the blood has a low platelet count).

Clopidogrel Bisulphate should not be taken by individuals with active bleeding disorders, such as peptic ulcer disease or intracranial hemorrhage, and should be used with caution in people who are at an increased risk of bleeding, such as those with liver disease or those taking other medications that also affect blood clotting, like aspirin or warfarin.

Patients should inform their healthcare provider of any other medications they are taking, as drug interactions may alter the effectiveness of Clopidogrel Bisulphate or increase the risk of bleeding. It is especially important to avoid stopping or starting other blood-thinning medications without medical supervision.

In conclusion, Clopidogrel Bisulphate tablets are an essential treatment for preventing blood clots and reducing the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular complications. By inhibiting platelet aggregation, the drug helps keep blood vessels open and improves cardiovascular health, but it should always be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider to minimize risks and ensure safety.

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Xeljanz (Tofacitinib) is an oral medication used to treat various autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and active ankylosing spondylitis. Xeljanz is classified as a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, which works by targeting specific enzymes (JAKs) that play a crucial role in the inflammatory process. By inhibiting these enzymes, Tofacitinib helps to reduce inflammation, pain, and damage caused by autoimmune conditions.
Mechanism of Action

Tofacitinib, the active ingredient in Xeljanz, inhibits JAK enzymes (specifically JAK1, JAK3, and to a lesser extent JAK2), which are involved in the signaling pathways of various cytokines (immune system proteins) that regulate inflammation. These cytokines are key players in autoimmune diseases, contributing to abnormal immune responses and tissue damage. By blocking these pathways, Xeljanz helps to decrease inflammation, suppress immune system activity, and reduce the symptoms of the conditions it treats.
Indications

Xeljanz 5mg Tablet is primarily used for the treatment of:

    Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Xeljanz is used to treat moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis in adults who have not responded adequately to other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including methotrexate.
    Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA): It is also indicated for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis in adults who have had an inadequate response to other therapies.
    Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Xeljanz is approved for adults with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis who have not responded to, or are intolerant of, conventional therapies such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs.
    Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS): It is also prescribed for ankylosing spondylitis, a type of arthritis affecting the spine.

Dosage and Administration

The typical dosage of Xeljanz for adults with rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis is 5 mg twice daily. For ulcerative colitis, the dosage may start higher (10 mg twice daily) for a short period before being reduced to 5 mg twice daily. The medication is taken orally, with or without food.

Patients are usually monitored for side effects, including blood cell counts and liver function, throughout treatment.
Side Effects

Common side effects of Xeljanz may include:

    Infections: Increased risk of serious infections, such as pneumonia and tuberculosis.
    Headache and diarrhea.
    Elevated liver enzymes, which may indicate liver problems.
    High blood pressure.
    Blood clots: Xeljanz may increase the risk of developing blood clots.
    Lowered blood cell counts: This can increase the risk of infections, bleeding, and anemia.

Precautions and Contraindications

    Infections: Patients should be tested for tuberculosis before starting Xeljanz. It is not recommended for patients with active infections.
    Liver or kidney issues: Caution is required in patients with liver or kidney problems.
    Pregnancy: Xeljanz should not be used during pregnancy unless absolutely necessary, as it may harm the fetus.
    Vaccinations: Live vaccines should be avoided during treatment.

Conclusion

Xeljanz 5mg Tablet is an effective treatment for autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondylitis. By inhibiting key enzymes in the inflammatory process, it helps to manage symptoms, reduce inflammation, and improve quality of life in patients with these chronic conditions.

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Thalix Capsules, containing the active ingredient thalidomide, are a prescription medication primarily used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, a type of cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. Thalix is also used to manage erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a painful complication of leprosy.Thalidomide is classified as an immunomodulatory drug, which means it modifies the immune system’s response. It works through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which reduces inflammation, and modulation of angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), which helps inhibit the growth of tumors.
Indications:
Thalix Capsules are mainly used in the following conditions:

    Multiple Myeloma: Thalidomide is used in combination with other medications (such as dexamethasone) to treat multiple myeloma, particularly in patients who have not previously received treatment or have relapsed after prior therapy.

    Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL): Thalix is used to treat the inflammatory episodes associated with ENL, a complication of leprosy that can cause painful skin lesions and systemic inflammation.

Mechanism of Action:
Thalix works by modulating the immune system and reducing inflammation. It inhibits the production of TNF-α, a cytokine involved in inflammatory processes, and reduces the number of angiogenic blood vessels, thereby preventing the growth of tumors. Thalidomide also enhances the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and T-cells, which are essential for immune surveillance and fighting cancer cells.

For multiple myeloma, thalidomide has been shown to help reduce the growth of malignant plasma cells and promote their destruction. In the case of ENL, thalidomide helps control the inflammatory response and reduce the severity of symptoms.

Dosage and Administration:
Thalix Capsules are usually taken once daily, with or without food. The dosage depends on the patient's condition, weight, and response to treatment. For multiple myeloma, the typical starting dose is 100 to 200 mg per day, which can be adjusted based on tolerability and response. For ENL, the usual dose is 100 to 200 mg daily. It is crucial to follow the healthcare provider's instructions and never exceed the recommended dosage.

Side Effects:
Common side effects of Thalix include:

    Drowsiness or sedation
    Constipation
    Peripheral neuropathy (numbness or tingling in the hands and feet)
    Rash
    Fatigue

More serious but less common side effects include:

    Teratogenicity: Thalidomide can cause severe birth defects. It must not be used during pregnancy, and strict birth control measures are required for both male and female patients during treatment.
    Blood clots: Thalix may increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), especially when used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.

Warnings and Precautions:
Thalix is strictly regulated due to its teratogenic effects. Female patients of childbearing age must use two forms of contraception, and male patients are also advised to use contraception during treatment. Regular blood tests and monitoring for side effects such as neuropathy and blood clots are essential.

Conclusion:
Thalix Capsules are an effective treatment for multiple myeloma and erythema nodosum leprosum, offering benefits through immune modulation and anti-inflammatory effects. However, due to the risk of severe birth defects and other side effects, strict precautions and regular monitoring are necessary during treatment.

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Trifluridine & Tipiracil Tablet is a combination medication used primarily in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), particularly in cases where the cancer has progressed despite prior therapies. It is marketed under the brand name Lonsurf, among others. The combination consists of two active ingredients: trifluridine and tipiracil.
Mechanism of Action

    Trifluridine: Trifluridine is a nucleoside analogue that interferes with the synthesis of DNA. It is incorporated into DNA during replication, leading to DNA damage and inhibition of further cell division. This action disrupts the growth of cancer cells, particularly in tumors that rapidly divide.

    Tipiracil: Tipiracil is a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor. It prevents the breakdown of trifluridine by blocking the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase, thereby increasing the systemic exposure of trifluridine. This ensures that a sufficient concentration of the active drug is available to exert its anticancer effects.

Indications

Trifluridine & Tipiracil Tablet is indicated for the treatment of:

    Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC): It is used in patients with mCRC who have been previously treated with standard chemotherapy regimens such as fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan, or in patients who are not candidates for these therapies.
    Other Cancers: In some cases, this medication is also studied for use in other solid tumors, although its primary indication remains colorectal cancer.

Dosage and Administration

The recommended dosage of Trifluridine & Tipiracil is usually based on body surface area and is taken orally in two daily doses with a standard dosing schedule. It is important to follow the specific dosing instructions provided by a healthcare professional. The medication is typically administered for 5 days, followed by a 2-day rest period, and this cycle is repeated for several weeks. Treatment cycles may be adjusted based on the patient's tolerance and response.
Side Effects

Like many cancer treatments, Trifluridine & Tipiracil can cause a range of side effects, including:

    Hematologic Toxicity: Low white blood cell counts (neutropenia), anemia, and thrombocytopenia are common, increasing the risk of infection, bleeding, and fatigue.
    Gastrointestinal Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite may occur.
    Fatigue: A frequent side effect of chemotherapy.
    Infections: Due to its impact on the immune system, there is a risk of bacterial, viral, or fungal infections.

Precautions and Contraindications

    Bone Marrow Suppression: Patients with bone marrow suppression (low blood counts) may need dosage adjustments or discontinuation of therapy.
    Pregnancy and Lactation: Trifluridine & Tipiracil should not be used during pregnancy unless absolutely necessary, as it may harm the developing fetus. It is also not recommended during breastfeeding.
    Drug Interactions: Caution should be exercised when taking Trifluridine & Tipiracil with other medications, particularly those that affect the liver or bone marrow.

Conclusion

Trifluridine & Tipiracil Tablet is an important treatment option for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who have failed prior therapies. While it has potential side effects, its ability to target rapidly dividing cancer cells offers hope for individuals with advanced disease. Regular monitoring and appropriate dose adjustments are essential for managing side effects and optimizing treatment outcomes

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Mefenamic Acid Tablets are a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used primarily for the treatment of mild to moderate pain, including dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) and acute pain from conditions like osteoarthritis or muscle strain. Mefenamic acid works by reducing inflammation, pain, and fever through its action on cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes.
Though effective for pain relief, it should be used with caution due to potential side effects, especially with prolonged use.

Indications:

Mefenamic acid is commonly prescribed for the following conditions:

    Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstruation): Mefenamic acid is frequently used to relieve the pain and discomfort associated with menstrual cramps.

    Acute Pain: It can be used to treat various types of acute pain, such as pain from soft tissue injuries, dental procedures, or musculoskeletal conditions.

    Inflammatory Conditions: Mefenamic acid is also used to alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, though it is typically more effective for short-term pain relief rather than long-term management.

Mechanism of Action:

Mefenamic acid works by inhibiting the action of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). This enzyme plays a central role in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which are involved in the inflammatory process. By reducing the levels of prostaglandins, mefenamic acid decreases inflammation, pain, and fever.

The drug is particularly effective in managing pain that results from inflammation, as well as pain associated with muscle spasms and other acute conditions.

Dosage and Administration:

The typical dosage of mefenamic acid varies depending on the severity of the condition being treated. For acute pain, the usual adult dose is 500 mg initially, followed by 250 mg every 6 hours as needed. The total daily dose should not exceed 1,000 mg. For dysmenorrhea, the typical starting dose is 500 mg, with maintenance doses of 250 mg every 6 hours for up to 2-3 days. The medication is usually taken with food to minimize gastrointestinal irritation.

Side Effects:

Common side effects of mefenamic acid include:

    Gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, indigestion, or diarrhea.
    Headache and dizziness.
    Rash or skin reactions.

More serious side effects, although less common, may include:

    Gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcers, particularly with prolonged use or in those with a history of stomach ulcers.
    Kidney damage, especially with long-term use.
    Cardiovascular risks, such as an increased risk of heart attack or stroke, particularly when used at high doses or for long periods.
    Liver damage or abnormal liver function tests.

Warnings and Precautions:

Mefenamic acid should be used with caution in individuals with:

    A history of stomach ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding.
    Kidney or liver problems, as these conditions may be worsened by the medication.
    Heart disease or hypertension, due to the potential for increased cardiovascular risks.

It is also important to avoid using mefenamic acid during the third trimester of pregnancy, as it may harm the fetus, particularly the cardiovascular system.

Conclusion:

Mefenamic Acid Tablets are an effective treatment for pain, particularly dysmenorrhea and acute pain related to inflammation. However, like all NSAIDs, they should be used with caution due to the potential for serious side effects, especially with prolonged or high-dose use.

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Palbociclib (brand name Ibrance) is an oral medication used primarily in the treatment of certain types of breast cancer, specifically hormone receptor-positive (HR-positive), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-negative) breast cancer. It is a targeted therapy that works by inhibiting specific proteins that promote cancer cell growth.
Mechanism of Action

Palbociclib belongs to a class of drugs known as cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors.

Palbociclib works by selectively inhibiting the activity of CDK4 and CDK6, blocking the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 phase (the first stage of cell division) to the S phase (the phase in which DNA is replicated). By halting this process, Palbociclib slows down or stops the growth of cancer cells, preventing their rapid division and spread.
Indications and Uses

Palbociclib is primarily indicated for the treatment of HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. It is commonly prescribed for the following scenarios:

    Advanced or metastatic breast cancer: Palbociclib is often used in combination with aromatase inhibitors (such as letrozole) or fulvestrant (an estrogen receptor antagonist) for patients whose breast cancer has spread beyond the breast (metastatic).
    First-line treatment: In combination with an aromatase inhibitor for postmenopausal women or men with HR-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.
    Second-line treatment: In combination with fulvestrant for patients who have already received a prior endocrine therapy but whose cancer has progressed.

Palbociclib is typically not used as a monotherapy but rather as part of combination treatment regimens to enhance its effectiveness and target the cancer from multiple angles.
Dosage and Administration

Palbociclib is available in capsule form and is taken orally, usually once a day with food. The standard dosage is 125 mg per day, but the dosage may be adjusted depending on the patient's response, tolerability, and any side effects experienced.

Because Palbociclib affects the immune system and bone marrow, blood tests are required regularly to monitor for any adverse effects such as low white blood cell counts (neutropenia) or liver abnormalities.
Side Effects and Considerations

Like many cancer therapies, Palbociclib can cause side effects, some of which may be serious. Common side effects include:

    Neutropenia (low white blood cell count): This is one of the most common and serious side effects, making patients more susceptible to infections. Regular blood monitoring is required.
    Fatigue: Many patients experience tiredness or low energy levels.
    Gastrointestinal symptoms: These may include nausea, diarrhea, or loss of appetite.
    Liver toxicity: Elevations in liver enzymes can occur, which may require adjustments to the treatment regimen.
    Anemia: Low red blood cell counts, which can lead to symptoms such as weakness or dizziness.

Less common but more serious side effects can include interstitial lung disease (a rare but serious lung condition), febrile neutropenia (fever and low white blood cell count), and severe infections.
Drug Interactions

Palbociclib can interact with other medications, potentially affecting its efficacy or increasing the risk of side effects. Notable drug interactions include:

    Strong CYP3A inhibitors (such as ketoconazole or itraconazole) can increase Palbociclib levels in the blood, leading to an increased risk of side effects.
    CYP3A inducers (such as rifampin or phenytoin) can reduce the effectiveness of Palbociclib by lowering its blood concentration.

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